Bose-Einstein Condensate

First experimental creation of a Bose-Einstein condensate, in a dilute rubidium-87 vapor (Anderson, Ensher, Matthews, Wieman & Cornell, 1995), 71 years after Einstein predicted the phenomenon (1924/25, building on Bose 1924). Also relevant to statistical mechanics as a quantum phase transition, not only quantum mechanics proper. Query term required a "dilute" qualifier -- the bare term collides with the decades-long, different-mechanism debate over whether superfluid helium-4 is itself a BEC, and with at least one fringe/pseudoscience paper on "consciousness and Bose-Einstein condensates." Cornell, Wieman and Ketterle shared the 2001 Nobel Prize.